Grade 12 · printable course

Philosophy and Logic: Reasoning About Reality, Knowledge, and Value

Grade 12 · 386 pages · 41 lessons · PDF, print at home

A one-semester introduction to philosophy organized around a single skill that carries across every unit: reconstructing an argument in its strongest form before evaluating it. Students learn formal and informal logic (validity, soundness, common fallacies) as tools, then apply those tools to four enduring philosophical problems: what makes an argument good; how we know what we claim to know; whether the mind is anything more than the body; and what makes an action right. Religious and secular positions on these questions are treated as philosophy, presented in their strongest form, with their strongest objections, without the course adjudicating a winner. Students write argumentative philosophy papers, reconstruct arguments in standard form, and defend positions orally against prepared objections.

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Every unit and lesson in this book, in order. The same lessons are taught online at lettersanddevotion.com, so a family can move between paper and screen.

Philosophy and Logic: Reasoning About Reality, Knowledge, and Value

41 lessons · try a lesson online free

Unit 1: The Tools of Argument: Validity, Soundness, and Fallacy10 lessons
  1. 1.The premise/conclusion structure of a short argumentative passage
  2. 2.The counterexample test for validity, run on an argument structurally identical to a worked classroom example
  3. 3.Standard-form argument reconstruction
  4. 4.The independence of validity and soundness as evaluative properties of an argument
  5. 5.The deductive/inductive distinction
  6. 6.The six named informal and formal fallacies and their discriminating tests
  7. 7.The logical independence of validity and soundness
  8. 8.Charitable reconstruction of an argument the student disagrees with
  9. 9.The modus ponens / affirming-the-consequent contrast and the counterexample test for validity
  10. 10.The boundary between a named fallacy and legitimate rhetorical emphasis in an unfamiliar text
Unit 2: Knowledge, Belief, and Doubt10 lessons
  1. 11.The justified-true-belief (JTB) definition of knowledge
  2. 12.The Gettier problem as a counterexample to the sufficiency of JTB
  3. 13.The regress problem / Agrippa's trilemma
  4. 14.The dream argument / evil-demon argument (Cartesian skepticism)
  5. 15.Foundationalism and coherentism as responses to the regress problem
  6. 16.Application of the three regress-responses to a novel skeptical scenario
  7. 17.Fideism, evidentialism, and reformed epistemology as positions on faith and reason
  8. 18.The is/ought distinction and the appearance/reality distinction
  9. 19.The abstract structure shared by all three regress-responses (what each treats as not needing further justification and why)
  10. 20.Comparative analysis of two regress-problem responses (midterm task)
Unit 3: Mind, Body, and Personal Identity11 lessons
  1. 21.Descartes' conceivability argument for substance dualism
  2. 22.The independence of validity and soundness applied to the conceivability argument
  3. 23.Identity theory and functionalism as physicalist theories of mind
  4. 24.The hard problem of consciousness (explanatory gap between function and experience)
  5. 25.The philosophical zombie thought experiment as a tool against physicalism
  6. 26.Psychological continuity theory and bodily/physical continuity theory of personal identity
  7. 27.Personal identity criteria applied to a novel duplication case
  8. 28.Hard determinism, libertarian free will, and compatibilism as positions on free will
  9. 29.Application of free-will positions to real-world responsibility-attribution cases
  10. 30.A defended position on the mind-body problem under live objection
  11. 31.The general relationship between empirical evidence and the explanatory gap
Unit 4: Ethics: Consequences, Duties, and Character10 lessons
  1. 32.Act utilitarianism's decision procedure (maximizing aggregate well-being)
  2. 33.The act/rule distinction within utilitarianism
  3. 34.The categorical imperative's universalizability test
  4. 35.The distinction between a contradiction-in-conception and a bad-consequences objection to a maxim
  5. 36.The practical-wisdom (phronesis) decision procedure in virtue ethics
  6. 37.The trolley problem and its footbridge variant, analyzed comparatively across all three ethical frameworks
  7. 38.The distinction between factual disagreement and normative disagreement, applied to a novel dilemma
  8. 39.The strongest-form arguments for moral realism and moral anti-realism
  9. 40.The distinction between the rightness of an act and the moral standing of the reason/motivation behind it
  10. 41.A two-framework charitable reconstruction and fact/value analysis of a self-selected contested case