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Personal Finance: Decisions with Money

Grade 9 · Christian · NGSS/CCSS-aligned

This is a course about money decisions, not money facts. Your child will build one imaginary (or real, your call) household budget in week one and then keep adding to that same household all semester — a paycheck, then a budget, then savings that grow over time, then a credit card and some insurance, and finally a full plan where all of it has to work together. By the end they should be able to look at a job offer, a savings goal, a credit card statement, or an insurance decision and actually reason through it instead of guessing. The app grades the calculations automatically. Your job is mostly reading what they write and asking "but why" — that's where the real learning shows up or doesn't.

What your child will learn

The whole year, in plain English. Tap any unit to see every skill inside, nothing is hidden.

Income: What You Actually Have to Work Withpeek inside ▸

This is where your child learns that the number on a job offer is never the number that shows up in the bank account. They'll learn to read a pay stub, understand what FICA and tax withholding actually are, and see how getting paid weekly versus monthly changes when money arrives without changing how much there is. It ends with comparing two real-looking job offers and writing a memo defending one.

  1. The structure of a pay stub (gross pay, itemized deductions, net pay)

    Given a pay stub or pay statement, identify and label gross pay, each named deduction, and net pay.

  2. The causal relationship between gross pay and net pay via withholding and FICA

    Explain, in the student's own words, why gross pay and net pay differ, naming FICA and federal/state withholding as the specific causes.

  3. The gross-to-net pay calculation procedure

    Calculate net pay from gross pay given a stated hourly wage, hours worked, and a simplified withholding rate table.

  4. Hourly vs. salary vs. commission/tips as income structures with different variability

    Compare two income structures (hourly, salary, commission/tips) by calculating expected net income for each under a given scenario, and classify which structure carries more month-to-month income variability.

  5. The effect of pay frequency on cash flow timing versus total income

    Explain how pay frequency (weekly, biweekly, semi-monthly, monthly) changes the timing of cash available to a household without changing the total annual net income.

  6. Net-income comparison across two full job offers

    Given two complete job offers (pay structure, pay frequency, gross pay figures), calculate net pay under each and determine which offer yields more net income annually.

  7. Opportunity cost as applied to competing job offers

    Apply the concept of opportunity cost to a job-offer decision by identifying what is given up (money, time, flexibility, benefits) when one offer is chosen over another.

  8. Fit between an income structure's characteristics and an untaught personal circumstance

    Given an unfamiliar life circumstance not discussed in class (e.g., a student who needs predictable income to qualify for an apartment lease, or one who travels for two months a year), determine and justify which of two job offers better fits that circumstance.

  9. A written net-pay comparison and conditional recommendation between two job offers

    Write a comparison memo that states which job offer is better for a given household and identifies at least one condition under which the other offer would be the better choice.

  10. The validity of using gross salary alone as the deciding factor between job offers

    Critique a claim such as 'the job with the higher salary is always the better offer' using evidence from calculated net pay and circumstance-fit.

Budgeting: Assigning Every Dollar a Jobpeek inside ▸

This is the unit where money starts behaving over time instead of just sitting in a budget. The big idea is that compound growth is growth building on top of previous growth — it looks slow for a long time and then looks fast, and time turns out to matter more than most people expect. It uses your child's own savings number from the budgeting unit as a real input to a projection to age 65.

  1. Fixed vs. variable expenses

    Given the household's monthly net income figure carried over from Unit 1, classify a list of 15 sample household expenses as fixed or variable.

  2. The contestable boundary between needs and wants

    Justify, with reference to the household's actual circumstances, why a specific expense (e.g., a gym membership, a smartphone plan) could reasonably be classified as either a need or a want, taking a defensible position in writing.

  3. The 50/30/20 budgeting heuristic

    Apply the 50/30/20 heuristic to allocate the case household's net income across needs, wants, and savings/debt categories, producing dollar amounts for each band.

  4. Limits of the 50/30/20 heuristic under atypical fixed-cost burdens

    Critique the 50/30/20 heuristic's fit to a household whose fixed expenses (e.g., rent in a high cost-of-living area, or a medical condition's recurring costs) exceed 50% of net income, explaining specifically where and why the heuristic breaks down.

  5. Emergency fund sizing and liquidity

    Explain why an emergency fund's target size is conventionally expressed in months of essential expenses rather than as a fixed dollar amount, using the concept of liquidity.

  6. Variance between planned and actual spending

    Given a month of the case household's actual spending records, calculate the variance between planned and actual amounts in each budget category and identify which variances signal a planning problem versus a one-time event.

  7. Opportunity cost and reallocation under an unplanned expense

    Given an unplanned $600 expense scenario, determine whether the case household's completed budget (including emergency fund) can absorb the shock and, if not, generate a specific reallocation across categories that would let it, with numbers.

  8. The limits of a purely numeric budget comparison

    Compare the household's budget under a 50/30/20 allocation to an alternative allocation the student proposes for a stated non-numeric priority (e.g., prioritizing debt payoff speed over discretionary spending), identifying what the numbers alone cannot decide.

Growth: How Money Changes Over Timepeek inside ▸

This unit takes the compounding math from Unit 3 and runs it in reverse: instead of interest growing your money, APR grows what you owe. Your child will calculate what a credit card actually costs under minimum payments versus paying it off faster, learn what actions raise or lower a credit score, and then shift into insurance — premiums, deductibles, policy limits, and why insurance can make sense even though most people who buy it never collect.

  1. The distinction between simple interest and compound interest as calculation methods

    Given a principal, rate, and time period, the student distinguishes whether a scenario describes simple or compound interest based on how the description states interest is calculated, and identifies which one is being used.

  2. Simple interest and compound interest formulas applied to a principal, rate, and time

    The student calculates the ending balance of an account after a stated number of years under simple interest and under compound interest for the same principal and rate, executing the correct formula for each.

  3. The mechanism by which compound interest accelerates over time

    The student explains why compound interest produces an accelerating (not constant) dollar increase per period, using the mechanism that each period's interest is calculated on a base that includes all prior interest.

  4. The Rule of 72 as an estimation tool and the boundary conditions of its accuracy

    The student estimates the number of years required for an investment to double at a given interest rate using the Rule of 72, and identifies at what range of interest rates the estimate diverges most from the exact calculation.

  5. The relative effect of time versus contribution amount on ending balance under compound growth

    Given two savers who differ in start age and monthly contribution amount, the student predicts which will have more money at age 65 before calculating, then compares the predicted and calculated outcomes to identify which variable (time or amount) had the larger effect and why.

  6. The shared deep structure between compound savings growth and compound debt growth, applied without a surface cue

    The student applies the time-versus-amount reasoning developed for compound savings growth to a structurally identical but unlabeled scenario — paying off debt earlier versus later with different payment amounts — without being told the two scenarios share a structure.

  7. The effect of volatility and sequence on compounded returns despite equal average return

    Given two investment return sequences with identical arithmetic average returns but different volatility (order and size of gains/losses), the student determines that the ending balances differ and locates the specific step in each calculation where the difference originates.

  8. Diversification as a strategy for reducing exposure to any single asset's failure

    The student classifies a description of an investment approach (e.g., 'all savings in one company's stock' vs. 'savings spread across a stock index fund, a bond fund, and a savings account') as diversified or not diversified, and justifies the classification by naming what would have to happen for each approach to lose significant value.

  9. The application of the student's own budget savings figure as the input to a personal long-horizon compound-growth projection

    Using the student's own Unit 2 budget savings-line figure as the monthly contribution, the student generates a compound-growth projection to age 65 and evaluates whether the current savings rate is consistent with a stated future goal, proposing one specific change to either the rate or the start-now decision.

  10. The abstract structural distinction between additive (fixed-base) growth and multiplicative (growing-base) growth, independent of a financial surface context

    Given a description of a totally unfamiliar 'growth' context that shares no vocabulary with money at all — for example, a rumor spreading through a school where the number of new people who hear it each day depends on how many already know it, or a population of bacteria doubling on a fixed schedule — the student determines whether the growth pattern described behaves like simple or like compound interest, and identifies the specific feature of the description (a rate applied to a fixed base vs. a rate applied to an already-grown base) that reveals which one it is, with no dollar figures, no interest vocabulary, and no cue that the question relates to this unit's content at all.

Credit and Risk: Borrowing and Insuringpeek inside ▸

This is the wrap-up unit, and it doesn't teach any new math. Your child has to combine everything — income, budgeting, growth, credit, and insurance — into one household plan, and the real challenge is realizing the five pieces affect each other. Change the budget and the emergency fund target changes. Pay off debt faster and there's less to invest. The order you fund things in is a judgment call your child has to defend, not a formula to look up.

  1. APR applied monthly to a revolving credit card balance under minimum payments

    Calculate total interest paid on a credit card balance under a fixed minimum-payment schedule using the given APR.

  2. Accelerated payoff schedule versus minimum-payment schedule for a fixed credit balance

    Calculate total cost and payoff time for the same balance under an accelerated fixed-payment plan and compare it to the minimum-payment total.

  3. The mechanism by which minimum payments extend cost (compounding against a nearly-static principal)

    Explain why paying only the minimum on a revolving balance extends total cost disproportionately, in terms of compounding acting on a shrinking-slowly principal.

  4. Behaviors that build a credit score versus behaviors that damage it

    Classify a set of described borrower behaviors (e.g., missed payment, high utilization, long account history, new credit inquiry) as raising, lowering, or having little effect on a credit score.

  5. The relationship between credit score range and offered APR

    Infer how a given credit score range would change the APR a hypothetical borrower is offered, using a provided lender rate table.

  6. Secured versus unsecured debt, defined by collateral

    Differentiate secured debt from unsecured debt using the presence or absence of collateral, applied to unfamiliar loan examples.

  7. Risk pooling as the mechanism that makes insurance rational despite most individuals not collecting

    Explain, using risk-pooling logic, why a purchase of insurance can be individually rational for a policyholder even though most policyholders never collect on their policy.

  8. Insurance decisions for a novel household scenario, justified by premium/deductible/policy-limit/self-insure tradeoffs

    Given a household risk scenario not used in instruction, decide which insurance types to carry and which to decline, justifying each decision by weighing premium, deductible, policy limit, and the household's ability to self-insure.

  9. The adequacy of 'what if' reasoning versus risk-pooling reasoning as justification for an insurance decision

    Critique a peer or sample argument that recommends buying insurance based solely on 'what if something happens' reasoning, identifying where risk-pooling logic is missing.

The Household Plan: Integrating the Partspeek inside ▸
  1. Net worth as assets minus liabilities

    Given a list of a household's assets and liabilities from the running case, calculate net worth and state whether it is positive or negative.

  2. The relationship between expense variability, liquidity, and emergency-fund sizing

    Explain why a household's emergency-fund target depends on the liquidity and variability of its expenses, using the fixed/variable expense distinction from Unit 2.

  3. Opportunity cost of funding-order choices under a fixed monthly surplus

    Compare two proposed funding orders (emergency fund first vs. extra debt payoff first) for the same household and identify what each order gives up.

  4. Funding order (emergency fund, high-interest debt, investing, insurance) under a novel household constraint

    Given a household's income, existing debt APRs, and lack of an emergency fund, generate and justify a funding order for a monthly surplus that the student has not seen modeled.

  5. Interaction effects among budget, emergency fund, and debt sections of a household plan

    Given a household plan where one budget category is changed, trace and revise the resulting changes to at least two other sections (e.g., emergency fund target, debt payoff timeline).

  6. The argued funding order and its counterfactual (reversed order) consequences within the student's own household plan

    Write a justification for the funding order chosen in the capstone plan that explicitly states what would change in the plan if the order were reversed.

  7. The structural difference between an integrated plan and a topic-by-topic plan

    Distinguish a household plan that treats its five parts as interacting from one that treats them as five independent answers, using specific evidence from a sample plan.

  8. Generalizability of the standard funding-order heuristic across differing household profiles

    Given a household plan for a family with a different income and debt profile than the student's own running case, evaluate whether the standard funding order (emergency fund, high-interest debt, investing/retirement, insurance) still applies and argue for a modification if not.

  9. Core vocabulary from Units 2-4 (emergency fund, high-interest debt, risk pooling) and this unit (net worth)

    Recall the definition of net worth, emergency fund, high-interest debt, and risk pooling without a word bank, in the context of the delayed cumulative check.

  10. Funding-order integration as a durable, transferable construct (this unit's core learning target)

    Given a novel household scenario not seen during the unit, generate a funding order and identify one cross-section dependency, at least one week after the capstone was submitted.

From the parent guide

This is a course about money decisions, not money facts. Your child will build one imaginary (or real, your call) household budget in week one and then keep adding to that same household all semester — a paycheck, then a budget, then savings that grow over time, then a credit card and some insurance, and finally a full plan where all of it has to work together. By the end they should be able to look at a job offer, a savings goal, a credit card statement, or an insurance decision and actually reason through it instead of guessing. The app grades the calculations automatically. Your job is mostly reading what they write and asking "but why" — that's where the real learning shows up or doesn't.

Unit 1 · what to expect

This is where your child learns that the number on a job offer is never the number that shows up in the bank account. They'll learn to read a pay stub, understand what FICA and tax withholding actually are, and see how getting paid weekly versus monthly changes when money arrives without changing how much there is. It ends with comparing two real-looking job offers and writing a memo defending one.

The full guide covers all 4 units: where kids get stuck, what to say, and how to tell it's working. Included with the course.

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Personal Finance: Decisions with Money, Grade 9 Homeschool Curriculum