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Psychology: Mind, Brain, and Behavior

Grade 11 · Christian · NGSS/CCSS-aligned

This is a year-long walk through psychology as a real science, not a personality-quiz version of it. Your child learns how psychologists actually test claims about the mind, then uses that same skeptical toolkit on the brain, the senses, learning, memory, growing up, and mental health. By the end they should be able to read a headline like "Study Finds Coffee Rewires Your Brain" and tell you exactly what it does and doesn't prove. It's secular, evidence-based, and skips human sexuality content entirely, this is about how psychologists know things, not a health class.

What your child will learn

The whole year, in plain English. Tap any unit to see every skill inside, nothing is hidden.

Thinking Like a Psychologist: Research Methods and the Replication Crisispeek inside ▸

This unit builds a working picture of how neurons fire, what brain chemicals actually do (and don't do), and which brain structures are linked to which behaviors. The whole unit keeps circling back to one question: just because something is connected to a brain area or a chemical, does that mean it causes the behavior, and even if it does, does that mean the person has no say in it?

  1. Operational definitions of abstract psychological constructs

    Given a research question, write an operational definition for an abstract psychological construct (e.g., 'stress,' 'aggression') that specifies exactly how it will be measured or manipulated.

  2. Experimental, correlational, and case study research designs and their tradeoffs

    Classify a described study as experimental, correlational, or case-study design based on whether a variable was manipulated, and identify the tradeoff (control vs. generalizability vs. depth) that design choice implies.

  3. The distinction between correlation and causation, and third-variable/confound reasoning

    Given a novel correlational finding never discussed in class, generate at least two distinct plausible third-variable explanations and explain the causal mechanism each would imply.

  4. The relationship between statistical significance and effect size

    Explain why a statistically significant finding with a small effect size may not warrant a strong real-world claim, using both concepts correctly in relation to each other.

  5. The replication crisis and the methodological features that predict replicability (using the Open Science Collaboration 2015 project as the anchor case)

    Compare a study that replicated successfully with a similarly designed study that failed to replicate, and infer which specific methodological feature (sample size, preregistration status, effect size, p-hacking risk) accounts for the difference in outcome.

  6. The link between research ethics (informed consent, debriefing, coercion) and data validity in classic psychological studies

    Given a description of a classic psychological study (e.g., Milgram, Watson's Little Albert), identify a specific way the study's ethical violation also threatens the validity of its data, not only the wellbeing of its participants.

  7. Warrant judgments and methodological critique applied to unfamiliar research write-ups

    Given two never-before-seen study write-ups from unfamiliar content domains, judge whether each stated conclusion is warranted, name a plausible confound or design flaw, and propose a methodological fix targeted specifically at that flaw.

  8. The generalized standard for evaluating trustworthiness of any claim about mind or behavior

    Given a claim about mind or behavior encountered outside of class (e.g., in social media, advertising, or a news article) after this unit ends, apply the full methods toolkit to independently decide how much trust the claim deserves and articulate the specific evidence that would change that judgment.

Biological Foundations of Behaviorpeek inside ▸

This unit takes apart the idea that seeing and hearing are like recording devices. Instead, your child learns that the brain actively builds perception out of incomplete information, using both raw sensory input and expectation. Illusions, selective attention, and the invisible-gorilla-style experiment aren't treated as party tricks, they're evidence for how perception actually works.

  1. The neuron action potential as an all-or-none electrochemical event

    Describe the sequence of events in an action potential (resting state, depolarization, threshold, firing, refractory period) and explain why the process is all-or-none.

  2. Neurotransmitter action (reuptake, agonist/antagonist effects) at the synapse

    Given a novel scenario describing a drug's effect on a specific neurotransmitter (e.g., blocking reuptake, blocking receptors), predict the resulting change in neural transmission and behavior.

  3. Brain structure-function correspondence

    Match major brain structures (cortex regions, amygdala, hippocampus, brain stem) to their primary documented functions.

  4. Structure-function inference from lesion evidence

    Given a case description of a person with damage to a named brain structure (e.g., Phineas Gage-type frontal damage, split-brain, amygdala lesion), infer which behavioral changes are plausible and which are not, given documented structure-function relationships.

  5. Capabilities and limits of lesion studies, EEG, and fMRI as brain-research methods

    Compare what lesion studies, EEG, and fMRI can and cannot show about the relationship between brain activity and behavior, and identify which method is appropriate for a given research question.

  6. Causal versus correlational support for brain-behavior claims in media reporting

    Given an unfamiliar pop-science headline claiming a behavior is 'caused by' a brain structure or chemical, evaluate whether the underlying evidence (as described) supports a causal claim, a correlational claim, or neither, and identify the specific confound or missing evidence.

  7. The biopsychosocial model applied to a specific behavior

    Explain how a single behavior (e.g., aggression, anxiety, addiction) can be described simultaneously at biological, psychological, and social levels using the biopsychosocial model, without treating any one level as the complete explanation.

  8. Heritability estimates and gene-environment interaction, distinguished from genetic determinism

    Given twin-study or adoption-study heritability data for an unfamiliar trait, explain what a heritability estimate does and does not mean about an individual's fate, and identify the specific gene-environment interaction misconception in a given student or media statement.

  9. Appropriately hedged causal language for brain-behavior claims

    Generate a rewritten version of a hedged, evidence-appropriate claim from an overclaimed biological causal statement, justifying each hedge with a specific methodological reason.

Sensation and Perceptionpeek inside ▸

This unit explains how experience changes behavior through three mechanisms: classical conditioning (Pavlov-style association), operant conditioning (rewards and consequences), and observational learning (learning by watching someone else). A lot of the unit is spent correcting how loosely these words get used in everyday speech versus what they technically mean.

  1. The transduction sequence from physical energy to neural signal to cortical interpretation

    Given a description of a sensory event (e.g., light striking the retina, sound waves striking the eardrum), state the correct order of transduction steps from physical stimulus to neural signal to brain interpretation.

  2. Absolute threshold and difference threshold as distinct, definable concepts

    Define absolute threshold and difference threshold in one sentence each and correctly label 4 short given scenarios as examples of one or the other, using the exact scenario types modeled in class (a faint sound detected at increasing distance; a weight change noticed on a backpack).

  3. The interaction of bottom-up sensory data and top-down expectation in producing a single perceptual experience

    Explain, using a specific illusion or ambiguous figure as the case, why the same sensory input can produce two different conscious perceptions, in terms of top-down processing supplying an interpretation the bottom-up data alone does not fix.

  4. Inattentional blindness as a consequence of limited attentional capacity applied to a novel real-world scenario

    Predict, for a novel selective-attention scenario the class has not previously discussed (e.g., a distracted driver scanning for pedestrians while texting), whether inattentional blindness is likely to occur and justify the prediction using the concept of limited attentional capacity.

  5. Categories of visual illusion (depth, motion, constancy) defined by underlying perceptual mechanism

    Classify a set of unfamiliar visual illusions (not shown in class) as primarily depth-based, motion-based, or constancy-based, using the defining features of each category rather than surface appearance.

  6. Cross-cultural research on the Müller-Lyer illusion as evidence that experience shapes perception

    Compare the carpentered-world explanation of cross-cultural differences in susceptibility to the Müller-Lyer illusion with a hypothetical alternative explanation (e.g., innate biological difference), and identify which explanation the available evidence actually supports.

  7. A student-generated mini-experiment testing a selective-attention or illusion effect

    Design a small selective-attention or illusion demonstration for classmates, including a procedure, a simple data-collection method, and an explicit prediction, that isolates one perceptual variable of the student's choosing.

  8. Methodological limitations (sample size, confound) applied to a novel student-designed perception study

    Critique a peer's mini-study write-up by identifying at least one Unit 1 methods concept (sample size, confound, or lack of operational definition) that limits the confidence one should place in the peer's conclusion, and state specifically what evidence would need to change to raise that confidence.

  9. Results of the student's own selective-attention or illusion mini-study

    Summarize the results of the student's own mini-study (response accuracy or detection rate across conditions) in a short results section that reports what was found without yet interpreting why.

Learning: Conditioning and Beyondpeek inside ▸

This unit treats memory as something the brain rebuilds each time, not a recording it plays back. It then extends that same 'the mind constructs things, it doesn't just record them' idea to how people solve problems, judge risk, and decide what to believe. A running theme: feeling very sure about something is not the same as being right.

  1. The four-term structure of classical conditioning (US, UR, CS, CR)

    Given a novel description of a stimulus-response pairing, identify the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response.

  2. The extinction/spontaneous recovery pattern in classical conditioning

    Explain why a conditioned response can undergo extinction, then spontaneous recovery, using the distinction between the CS-US association weakening versus being erased.

  3. Biological constraints on conditioning: taste aversion and preparedness (Garcia effect)

    Given an animal behavior anecdote involving food and illness, explain why taste aversion learning violates the standard timing and generality assumptions of classical conditioning (biological preparedness).

  4. The four-quadrant operant contingency table (reinforcement/punishment x positive/negative)

    Given a description of a behavior and its consequence, classify the situation as positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, or negative punishment.

  5. Schedules of reinforcement and their characteristic response patterns

    Compare fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval schedules of reinforcement in terms of the response pattern each produces and predict which schedule is being used from a described pattern of behavior.

  6. Documented limitations of punishment as a behavior-change strategy

    Diagnose why a real or invented punishment strategy failed to produce durable behavior change, referencing at least two documented weaknesses of punishment (e.g., suppression without extinction, generalization to the punisher rather than the behavior, need for continuous application).

  7. Bandura's observational learning model (modeling, and the attention-retention-reproduction-motivation sequence)

    Explain how Bandura's Bobo doll findings support observational learning as distinct from direct reinforcement, identifying the role of modeling, attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

  8. Integrated application of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning to a novel real-world scenario, including evaluation of claims against research limits

    Given an unfamiliar training program, advertisement, or habit-change app description never discussed in class, identify which conditioning mechanism(s) are operating, predict the behavioral effect of a specified change to one variable (e.g., switching schedule type), and flag any claim that overstates what conditioning research supports.

  9. The terms extinction, generalization, and discrimination across both conditioning types

    Recall the standard definitions of extinction, generalization, and discrimination as they apply to both classical and operant conditioning.

  10. Popular misuse of 'positive reinforcement' and 'conditioned' versus the technical operant/classical definitions

    Critique a media or advertising claim that uses the term 'positive reinforcement' or 'conditioned' in a way that is technically inaccurate, and rewrite the claim so it is consistent with the mechanism.

Cognition: Memory, Thinking, and Problem-Solvingpeek inside ▸

This unit follows how biology and experience interact continuously from before birth through the teenage years, not on a fixed schedule, but shaped by when things happen. It covers attachment research, Piaget's stages and the ways modern research has pushed back on them, the teenage brain, and Erikson's stages as a rough map rather than a strict law.

  1. The multi-store (sensory/STM/LTM) model of memory and encoding-storage-retrieval

    Given a diagram of the multi-store memory model, label and explain the function of sensory, short-term/working, and long-term memory in the correct sequence.

  2. The role of the hippocampus in memory consolidation

    Explain how hippocampal consolidation (Unit 2 content) links short-term memory to stable long-term storage, using the neuron/structure vocabulary from Unit 2.

  3. The misinformation effect on eyewitness recall (Loftus)

    Predict, before observing a misinformation demonstration, whether and how a leading question will alter recall of a witnessed event, then compare the prediction to the observed outcome.

  4. Reconstructive memory and the mechanism of the misinformation effect

    Given a new, previously unseen eyewitness scenario embedded with a leading question, explain why the resulting memory distortion occurred by naming the specific mechanism (reconstruction at retrieval, not storage failure).

  5. Forgetting: interference, decay, and retrieval failure

    Classify given examples of memory failure as primarily interference, decay, or retrieval failure, distinguishing surface similarities from the underlying mechanism.

  6. Availability heuristic and confirmation bias as distinct but confusable cognitive shortcuts

    Compare the availability heuristic and confirmation bias in a pair of contrasting real-world decision scenarios, identifying which bias is operating and why the two are easily confused.

  7. Heuristics and biases applied to an unfamiliar decision context

    Given a completely novel decision scenario from outside psychology (e.g., a business or medical decision never discussed in class), identify which heuristic or bias is most plausibly at work and justify the choice against at least one alternative explanation.

  8. Expert-novice differences in metacognitive access to procedural knowledge

    Explain why experts are sometimes less able than novices to verbally describe how they solve a problem, using the concept of automated/proceduralized knowledge.

  9. The relationship (or lack of it) between confidence and accuracy in recall

    Given a set of confidence ratings and accuracy scores from a memory or trivia task, evaluate whether confidence is a reliable predictor of accuracy in that data set and justify the evaluation with reference to specific mismatches.

  10. Proof versus suggestive evidence, applied to a classroom demonstration

    Apply a Unit 1 methods judgment (what counts as proof vs. suggestive evidence) to evaluate whether the class misinformation demonstration alone proves the misinformation effect or merely illustrates it.

  11. Core memory vocabulary: encoding, storage, retrieval, reconsolidation, misinformation effect

    Recall the definitions of encoding, storage, retrieval, reconsolidation, and the misinformation effect using unit vocabulary with precision.

  12. The eyewitness misinformation summative scenario, integrating mechanism and methods judgment

    Write an evidence-based explanation of why a specific instance of memory distortion occurred, integrating memory vocabulary and a methodological judgment about evidence quality, for the summative scenario.

Development Across the Lifespanpeek inside ▸

This is the hardest unit in the course. It covers how mental disorders, mainly anxiety and depression, kept narrow on purpose, get classified, studied, and treated, and why even trained clinicians using the same manual sometimes disagree about a case. It's explicit from day one: this is education about conditions, not a tool for diagnosing yourself or anyone else, and it does not cover self-harm methods. If personal concerns come up, they get redirected to a counselor or trusted adult, every time, not just once.

  1. Critical vs. sensitive periods in prenatal/early development

    Define 'critical period' and 'sensitive period' in prenatal and early development and correctly classify given scenarios as examples of one, the other, or neither.

  2. Harlow's and Ainsworth's attachment research and its limits

    Explain how Harlow's and Ainsworth's attachment studies each support the claim that attachment quality depends on responsive caregiving rather than only feeding, and identify specific methodological or ethical limits of each study.

  3. Piaget's stage theory and modern methodological critiques of it

    Compare Piaget's account of a specific cognitive milestone (e.g., object permanence or conservation) with a modern critique that used a modified method to get a different result from the same-age children.

  4. Adolescent prefrontal cortex/limbic system maturation gap and risk-taking

    Explain why adolescent risk-taking is better accounted for by uneven maturation rates between the limbic system and prefrontal cortex than by 'poor decision-making' alone, using Unit 2 brain-structure vocabulary.

  5. Erikson's psychosocial stages and their defining conflicts

    Given a novel scenario describing a person's behavior at an unspecified age, infer which of Erikson's psychosocial stages the scenario most plausibly represents and justify the inference using the stage's defining conflict.

  6. Erikson's psychosocial stage theory as a heuristic vs. a fixed universal law

    Critique Erikson's stage model itself as a framework, identifying at least one specific way it functions more as an organizing heuristic than as a strictly sequential, universally fixed law, using evidence of cross-cultural or non-linear developmental patterns.

  7. Interaction of risk and resilience/protective factors across development

    Generate a plausible, research-grounded explanation for how a specific named risk factor (e.g., poverty, insecure attachment, prenatal exposure to teratogens) combined with a specific protective/resilience factor could produce a described developmental outcome for a fictional individual not covered in class materials.

  8. Well-supported vs. speculative developmental claims, applying Unit 1 evidentiary standards

    Distinguish, within a written justification of a developmental claim, between a claim that is well-supported by cited research and one that is speculative extrapolation beyond what the cited research actually shows.

  9. Piaget's four stages and their approximate age ranges

    Recall the correct chronological order and approximate age ranges of Piaget's four stages of cognitive development.

Understanding Mental Health: Disorders, Classification, and Treatmentpeek inside ▸

No new material gets taught here. Your child picks a real public claim about behavior, a news story, a self-help trend, an ad, and traces it back to whatever evidence actually backs it up. Then they build a four-level explanation (biology, learning/cognition, development, social) for the behavior underneath the claim, and write a conclusion that's honest about how much the evidence actually supports.

  1. Diagnostic criteria as a threshold of symptom pattern, duration, and functional impairment, not a checklist a layperson completes

    Given a description of a person's symptoms and their duration/impact on functioning, state what additional information a clinician would need before applying a diagnostic label, without assigning the label themselves.

  2. Sources of diagnostic disagreement between clinicians using shared criteria

    Explain why two clinicians using the same diagnostic manual might reach different conclusions about the same case, citing at least two distinct sources of disagreement (e.g., symptom overlap across categories, self-report reliability, clinician judgment about functional impairment).

  3. Distinguishing features of anxiety disorders and depressive disorders as taught in this unit

    Classify a set of case vignettes as most consistent with an anxiety disorder, a depressive disorder, or neither, based on the presence or absence of criterion-relevant features (duration, impairment, symptom cluster) rather than a single dramatic symptom.

  4. Biopsychosocial model applied to depressive or anxiety disorders

    Explain the biopsychosocial model as applied to depression or anxiety, connecting a biological factor (e.g., neurotransmitter systems from Unit 2), a psychological factor (e.g., learned helplessness or cognitive patterns from Unit 4-5), and a social/cultural factor into a single coherent account of one case.

  5. Randomized controlled trial design applied to a treatment-outcome study

    Given a summary of a randomized controlled treatment-outcome study (with placebo/control arm), identify the independent and dependent variables, the comparison group, and one plausible confound, applying the Unit 1 methods vocabulary to this new content domain.

  6. The distinction between population-level treatment evidence and individual diagnostic/treatment conclusions

    Critique a real treatment-outcome study or pop-media mental-health claim by distinguishing what the evidence supports (a treatment's effect for a studied population) from what it does not support (a claim about what a specific individual has or should do), producing a written argument that makes this distinction explicit.

  7. Evidentiary standards for mental-health treatment claims, generalized beyond taught examples

    Given a novel, previously unseen public claim about a mental health treatment (e.g., a social media post, a supplement advertisement) sourced independently by the student, evaluate its evidentiary basis using the full toolkit and generalize a rule for what kind of evidence would be needed to trust it.

  8. The distinction between professional diagnosis and self-diagnosis

    Explain why licensed-professional diagnosis differs from self-diagnosis using an online symptom checklist, citing at least two specific risks of self-diagnosis (e.g., symptom overlap across disorders, absence of differential diagnosis, no functional-impairment assessment).

  9. Historical change in psychiatric classification as driven by evidence and by social/political context

    Summarize how the classification and treatment of a named historical case or disorder category (e.g., homosexuality's removal from the DSM, changing criteria for PTSD) changed over time in response to evidence and social change, distinguishing scientific revision from social/political pressure where the historical record shows both.

Capstone: Evaluating a Real Claim About Mind and Behaviorpeek inside ▸
  1. The chain from public claim to underlying evidentiary source

    Given a real public claim about behavior (news article, book excerpt, or ad), the student traces the claim back to its underlying research source and states what kind of source it is (peer-reviewed study, press release, popular book, opinion).

  2. Strength classification of a research source using methods criteria

    The student classifies the evidentiary source behind a chosen claim as strong, moderate, or weak using the Unit 1 methods criteria (sample size, control group, replication status, effect size, conflict of interest).

  3. The relationship between replication status and warranted confidence in a claim

    The student explains why a study's replication status (or the absence of any known replication attempt) changes how much confidence a reader should place in a public claim built on it.

  4. A multi-level biopsychosocial explanation for a specific chosen behavior

    The student constructs a four-level explanation (biological, cognitive/learning, developmental, social-cultural) for the single behavior underlying their chosen claim, stating how each level's factors interact rather than operate independently.

  5. Single-level versus multi-level explanations of behavior

    The student differentiates a claim that names only one level of explanation from one that accounts for multiple levels, and identifies what evidence is missing from the single-level version.

  6. Hedged, evidence-proportioned written conclusions

    The student writes a hedged, evidence-proportioned conclusion about their chosen claim that states the confidence level warranted by the evidence rather than asserting the claim is simply true or false.

  7. Responsiveness to critique of one's own evidentiary reasoning

    In the oral defense, the student responds to a question about a weakness in their own evidence chain by revising or qualifying their written conclusion rather than defending it unchanged.

  8. Unit 1 methods vocabulary definitions

    The student recalls the definitions of at least four Unit 1 methods terms (confound, effect size, replication, sampling bias) without notes, on a closed-note retrieval check administered on Day 1.

  9. Correlation-versus-causation judgment from study design features

    Given a described study (sample, design, result), the student calculates whether the study design supports a causal claim or only a correlational one, using the criteria taught in Unit 1.

  10. Structural similarity in evidentiary strength across superficially different claims

    The student compares two classmates' claims that appear to be about different behaviors but rely on structurally similar (weak or strong) evidentiary patterns, and identifies the shared underlying pattern.

From the parent guide

This is a year-long walk through psychology as a real science, not a personality-quiz version of it. Your child learns how psychologists actually test claims about the mind, then uses that same skeptical toolkit on the brain, the senses, learning, memory, growing up, and mental health. By the end they should be able to read a headline like "Study Finds Coffee Rewires Your Brain" and tell you exactly what it does and doesn't prove. It's secular, evidence-based, and skips human sexuality content entirely, this is about how psychologists know things, not a health class.

Unit 1 · what to expect

This unit builds a working picture of how neurons fire, what brain chemicals actually do (and don't do), and which brain structures are linked to which behaviors. The whole unit keeps circling back to one question: just because something is connected to a brain area or a chemical, does that mean it causes the behavior, and even if it does, does that mean the person has no say in it?

The full guide covers all 7 units: where kids get stuck, what to say, and how to tell it's working. Included with the course.

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Psychology: Mind, Brain, and Behavior, Grade 11 Homeschool Curriculum